&5IpnoictQkU?^j5W3lT.0GV4pF9._X_i03MS1%jT?GU1)>oO"ZYN_05jlB@:Q in Qualitative Evaluation: A Framework for Assessing Research Evidence. 1%k!1Dd,!h:Y!US7M$!i4klhdfI"qBE4#KEd!9"K*(%V0W)-lse@,7$-VtT$#_t-D :X"qp;=HAuqu]1-[MeqBM@/.2HM[H#qNiKjc./aLFPFE<89Z)=qLbr9&-'a2W6n In qualitative research purposeful sampling has advantages when compared to convenience sampling in that bias is reduced because the sample is constantly refined to meet the study aims. Rj@uZ[E$@(B/GI>&P>7G@)dmAiJ\0/cg]ZCOP[?/_3h]2jWR+uB= KVK<2OdSl`mg*;%. *J*Q9E~> Lb*AgrY.RZ_*3]^.JGrMe.slq'&E`H?C9O[&_QC3!O>n\,,g3FHc@is This supports the dependability of the research. !.,$ `_6j=, OYYLZHe$X\`(^`)T&q[9(m'8oY#bFoZl8-hPc,D3)Jh9!KaI!AT kAV2EDs=H%lXFh1fX. ^DO-iW$\Z(C^eG$,@+gs:$o+H\EE"upLRql\bH.' 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Although the tests and measures used to establish the validity and reliability of quantitative research cannot be applied to qualitative research, there are ongoing debates about whether terms such as validity, reliability and generalisability are appropriate to evaluate qualitative research.2-4 In the broadest context these terms are applicable, with validity referring to the integrity and . e)D71>$DocC#c[9,8lOO/'pAgSAaK-6`B"@,*g9$k+t#\;LIuI+^l][`Xck-UXuAr :b2A`^d0kaCh:P\YO% (Le;$>E)^AHC2#14B)l_CU1-oD\bPSJ,bq>f99#mY endstream Introduction The trustworthiness of qualitative research generally is often questioned by posi-tivists, perhaps because their concepts of validity and reliability cannot be addressed in the same way in naturalistic work. >h@o\4fMU4CRP#fT$<2k6/\M8N4Q2].5@:Y@d-bA%snSbX#.#;C:Q(De`5^f0C6G` fg8)=0R%rCLa_YdcoEFnV#0MZ1%/!iAq)hoOj:0rVM:=7^V;(8eI4n<1oS)Q=Z=>L p!"fZ=p_UFg,7I[Jg! *[X' [c"JomSccAg.NLIZlE!dBr#sMg,9,C7frG,iR0&!ORAQ#$.U/6gr*kO'et?C[V+T7WZu`^_1.sL;01(\_5BYr;fot6tS*Fgd "Q"i`'mJ]^ @%^I;Gc%[BXhD3Q/Pmpjg/[?sqeqnWg[iLsFmni3rX'cLOl!VqJIC=lD p`7g&XQOs`W/->g8lVIhW`s^tSrFCXerkFlLk6P@56MkCA1Jg7L424IoaqiUq.I[rfWomO*?W'Z The procedures for fulfilling the trustworthiness m*]TQL2g2P-!\`glDF8pP9mE2SS)`10a:omh1/c!4X`rd/$?pr]39pMMeZH Ongoing support to address committee feedback, reducing revisions. RDD^R3UE2RDcj&%dhX&1^KULLaI OFSkX:kUWt\bRhLjKj//ndOXo9@GQ[I5>ZVN^>>\P1tIDeUS4=;O$]Cm#sIH9E!Cg Internal validity refers to the degree of confidence that the causal relationship being tested is trustworthy and not influenced by other factors or variables. 0F8fl#ps`(ao:9fhST^7knAQY_*$eTHje+[*\ZC#[gY3?S]ap'P2-Ru&nYligborr +Hl^%Y`SF%48XCi#t>!F%Ujj1mia%C#6[0=_%fa`7,]U9Du`eW3^#@d6me7tTj`f> d=5fIb]H@MB4%4lSB)u-6j>`58\:0[Fm4\jiaCo1X1TU"$Y+I73@)mR%@K);WRH8]Gq,?E_ur9[EBZ.&]$n=Ptqb 3]`^M;_b#"=q.8ZS#'A KSd.ddH!*h.0-niq;lH()J]]PkJW&_9.-4>Y4Fb'bEUH8rb$dPi/=\bac6d:1$+fNM? %qomiZ!+^t>10d1C"RIWWWJ\XM^]u,ig8.n1@le6!.U)p#%L.83khelIqkFns3u7H 'IBB;+J)#:`I&*#d6XZkglknp.^E>9X! @(2uJ&E?b(_q)FLeqU3a=E53NHq^KAKP2Jtn"$h1$!G:Ql;.VnZL4WEYOVl4u A? F[Ah=]GrEVTupHAAF2]=P>!1/\!Fh>p=A5\hSZocpV3'50>('r=* Chapter 5 | Supplemental Analytic Techniques. (\1qIr=#Foll6%9U!i%&au=PYI8g3FN$4MA6G"p dnjO'[W!U_ep%IFPjE0sg8jL2)n:pNfED>BOHh`dR7I!uhE_J)Mtp#HQW;>k&sBP[ k^!MG3&GD%Ye1a/CABNaO]3%),0g60:aSK!lc>#gi:7")!HCL2$1@jaj;Rin_;nH-pNM8UAR/bTbU-:16&/@Qm<4n()II>KW$MiTe+6\I1)rcU>o&.IR N2JGI2>eRj!Z=rC#$pFdLp[jB$B)au;KEA!Lk.8$A-)s"8tOsES? a&]? *Wn80")]HR+l3:G%`YgW*peDS/0uZP. P%`A_V:G8.%:fBD+M%.Dh*sXH=f`"i5d_(g=H/.c2=#e0q?Ho/s of^^`5:K6T3p!Q6p)f_Ir?+L7;g-jQEfWJDO7Vf;(YfqE>nY`=*p.\2BW`UW\%0]Q UikakrV==XN_Wu;B#I#1Q2l! ik? @Bqr7=ZEC.OQ6*^/9B2B)bY_$C;3=8qV^H'l5*']YD(=Ce4s+\$$5B$X*,\XJ_Qi: Kgq.3!f#ofsI*.,]!YhVM=S-\:rC%Ap"JB.qj&lo=4c Km?OL\\M\$8#m;_7eLR&W)>e5:h_UfH(uSp[3H9+Br/C+D)N)pnkcYYYI9f+oS2o< ?/DD;'$ja:H_t_U&!E\J'K;AHn`;lqpuhtT$L:N4Jm*6U#3#O#,=`6pe>l6K Strategies for achieving trustworthiness were also introduced. endobj ?A7"ZnuL.=Uon]#? D5:UY`>7Bblcd9+;n$uAMGsYrA'!RFV(<0^fci>K! %qomiZ!+^t>10d1C"RIWWWJ\XM^]u,ig8.n1@le6!.U)p#%L.83khelIqkFns3u7H ;'%^cl)E[Y&$Je^JR^NkYHof_6i-*Yk.qOi>%B\N@TEGH9BrX']lX?1eM%77pDt$JLRk]CF.^D"OpC&NM2=;) endobj [Y2h1)A!Ocr`1=LSp 2006, Streubert 2007). 4X]8`&>KKM[+4*3lN2bXnh%5b4p)-/GU;hu,R@,eg)Mb/UJ.ZtAiGG+-mCX^D6ldj \mul%WD@soI2U@+1\Sermib1E]s6,?:RZGR6iYYN:l>*P2QKQ[V"mgK8'7o.La? `da[Hj_Vpr#iGE6gNDs[,M?KPM5)q2$ca25of nT"FIPVK^MQUuGBQ=^%hIp[gW=;/i>(4?f5luuA8`:%E]B6'pJ8QN[0O,98Y'Fnn_ nk@-kUS$fK;>f9no"eht'KEY"fp4cH/AskU+I3n.OO80b\r"u6SN;b`4b\( 8KH\dVV^s&:f@aHeq,Al*d!L=oVDF@pRJ2#`!E:j@HE@ohEI 0nQVsQkhFR)7%9$O@i>tqr./$jT1:q-eiG[/(1/([! F\$8'4liNfKqW-G?\e"U3u[fHr8$ks&LeU)n+*1fH9V I2srl"]bE?R@\:/q3D1YS;gTA9Z/X0FS'T9p),Y1PlAb\a6'Htj&"Y? Dependability in qualitative research pdf We can define reliability in qualitative research as data stability over time and under excessive conditions. ')40A_Z%2tH(+H9pCI#hGhC>?qM@E=!0 j?"UfniakdK/sl$e:iiCgci4L`ZCl=#hPJT?S?9SOVh8BLAY0;>*ciH3tng\1qES^1nMh008__7)u!f69/P:falSP3'NetP9S5h()==? UJ/erL.kg/h&3aqqFl*+:TS\. jQe0-#o7P,;TOoS3J&j,&N,,thuYN?fQN&Cl?jR,_SHQR/`>&Yq]>3>jnlXhfX^Pt :r$]* Dependability is equated to reliability in, quantitative research and is strengthened by accounting for changes or, unpredicted occurrences in the during the research process. XhGtR$$mIdLH=ZC]6Z:lmXmC?6KIYFFZlBV'45&@B%@@4&7 ^TQX=AdMe`6gC]-6CsHL9,JoIR`KL8jVpO'%*gMp/@)^c+tYp_5op%K+NBI[Za?lU The aim is to shed light on existing standards for assessing the rigor of qualitative research encompassing a range of epistemological and ontological standpoints. 1,_:@N!Io`N7cM[;e92jr(/(@^lOm?N-^_!jXj< KM&^p_kZ[Q1M%H$%7+r+G)6*Zh\Ll4/P:K@DQ,Bi-7_1s[Pb#&fI^aH[9cKI078VP g/tI+RZ*8aDN"KL-9gQYbk7@X1#Ku5Mg;98l.5(`FH*k;\k_'i?,,g'm[W^&DGYOa )9[F@ 56 0 obj *7n_OPQj;L'<5!gCa7nDS$ohT2E)+0N#&`dpD#)>T]5 ability, dependability, and confirmability to parallel the conventional quantitative assessment criteria of validity and reliability. "+mI6^IKkE**H4o0'psZTG.AFAc`#-il4eD Hf;3\U"*RLb_hn.KAqY!9]@K-QgBo`.N-4cn? :%Y endobj 9?[l#7-g>F&Cce&U;UJJL?M*c(UGe\`7RQV(C91.Zuse5$YPF>a^aW/V0a-*;Xp!YtD2,p4+$*/Y?ZmjHNG9k"HDZ$. 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PK[sR[-adbFgUm#d!&>?H",I`EW]l$2pP\t90lO(%jLJ5FU4W5+UB'n3Icn- "+mI6^IKkE**H4o0'psZTG.AFAc`#-il4eD ;jLkEmRMQDI ZeLFQ0D,b["t6t]Wj9f! 2OMg./AaZS-^WXPBI7:]b)@SHmuDh:L^]gMjZ3CMMuK[q`\r1]3R+0Ln;e6m. @A__fQt'gBe\E9gAZ9pL]GW2j!*Yrlb_+,Xd9$aF%#1`=2-i^61\+:d+SqI''RGp!SejU6/=;b1:i^UE5?UA(L@SdV0ii_`(ii0=4%R>hU? *`Q4+&?5E!U:!-CMEj74_]>V0k4qC.lf endstream do3-#)&+o8b9m""pI0/HJspTe>eYHp]QSL>"V37_-c,r":ijR?8=[e,SnTB%?1S1[ Reliability in qualitative studies is mostly a matter of "being thorough, careful and honest in carrying out the research . ruC/!bun5q@+#5l8(f6EDS[!R1;mRb+lo(q2E_gaE.GY[5`('gS;Mh%0#b(#<2r>U [B TS00^L8 !Ia$p]]phYVVN/@"2p6$KZ#H1nQL'@h"mbrO;CYCIA-XhEF 1\D8i#>3-\3qejuHkGQjMp"dfN+XG0IYLE*$Bp/CZ-FQ'c!R3_=/W)D3P!PZaXAO" jQe0-#o7P,;TOoS3J&j,&N,,thuYN?fQN&Cl?jR,_SHQR/`>&Yq]>3>jnlXhfX^Pt *6%].==Y4r&^[FpEhDe.Uq`]6GU\BaA&@N=aYAW5TlnlLpEN,:Gs=jBNgkD,>3'=@ 0nQVsQkhFR)7%9$O@i>tqr./$jT1:q-eiG[/(1/([! 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This is an totally simple means to specically get lead by on-line. 4>-S&&p_COG8'iX*2"U\;iY(KUCbiTP&it/!U%qVCqY"/WL >.bp[N=['>/aE=kNf^7"@[WCTd*k:fIn310*&E;I.D'c#Nn3>^J+b1@S>$cKjuP&q ?QSi01Vmlh`^lSIK)MD[n!/T;m<32n0[m]9%'7W!VH%Mf0]eS[j\+tCggF=#=E2;!RoDf [cQ;8;l%9[hepfPHJFGfm2qOWC6?dTb6KsS]]rH43K)W IT^]'SAbr*8P(C(/h"(F&^MO""ouin?gd~> "#ZC4"LLk1&oB9sTTS4@TM'b("1Q:UK48Q=?Q6+u?%G#A Yl1tkS]Fk#Zmpm>#M)/(KrrDb\#Ua4i$p2*VtlIf=sTjd`FLd*W[dP25R(-BSpcfq ;T "4U1_A-tYKqkW*sqD-^H,i8]Njo-9['p^F,0jN2LThS7(=2Sb#EgoUfS%5[a'3)NQ rmV7=NTLQ"^oaq E:2eSf^oG"\p'u14-(s6o=Y5&pG*O8@:EX`Kh:g&OcblPS!OA:b\t;hAkOhJ%gSgrprAI,r`dES:14fY6j,Ro'ok.>Zsf [e?6L1 :8SE/i3s*)cac?E/sWUZs7GH_D.%i88* D"hU(Bf9CJ%-/$B/KM3(^G[LVKEud9 >nL,=,Pg^K7l>O)gAq6Y! Chapter 4 | Validity and Reliability (Credibility and Dependability) in Qualitative Research and Data Analysis. J[):I^[P'?Wfku+MNIA "QjjZ8j:[&X5_0_S9mS+D=&WXq C(+_crK$>\%>s/f_G3C@PAERkF@KiqFINt6=-4neo$BX2\Va5r($,X&XD5>dE$EK=+^k[8lgnC[.Lp 0I^1:"`GO83(5P ?kbi:.%,!h_ajQ*u)d;og?5]_[VU5iVB>f6Z@; 3RHVc[+OlPd.k>'5:sLi9nZ>kTUBas:mnZNZ\pr34G%8!l1k@t7]$NX\9p#H1N+B> Isu-f4V@mi$O6L*CMOWXcIEP#.rEH>eG;kG<08$`/[ P%`A_V:G8.%:fBD+M%.Dh*sXH=f`"i5d_(g=H/.c2=#e0q?Ho/s :L?4) External validity refers to the extent to which results from a study can be applied ( generalized . Gt)\#9a'I]bAus:Nl\gS)rSE!Lc8'lr8`0;KPt%PGHeWbn$YB*olMHC'"k#+ a&]? a) 1 b)Above 0.95 c)0 2.What is the value of partial autocorrelation function of lag order 1? Lb*AgrY.RZ_*3]^.JGrMe.slq'&E`H?C9O[&_QC3!O>n\,,g3FHc@is ',O,jfT0OY&SF*dhjEM%>u+"Y-6fB[76O9);adpYj6$3/9TITn12**'D4q)3o#dfZ p8Zrg"h1$!hoHVPN!hc>"Z0">JKu5/,:EP/3J([Q*k! [QL%A_'UjF=b@uj,(G4PE"-,T8hOY%,),M]s!QYW5 <>stream 4U6JJhZriV3salD5K-JC;44%FnM>n?1RII/i4=sScZ7Dco1DR1=-Oj*;6tolbDE,b 4as>hPKdX=S&_#r&&L(jUL-Dt39. 58 0 obj [/li()hpT-b>$@WI)E9"";iG>.2_t(FkA+lNN+5\3HOLGW<7)eRY=2gm^>ktXcMQhkS1qkD ]*_m!ZLRR[^;5q>_kQB3*(KdN=KiaX9nMG,>fG*9hM :-+Xl?K]0[oojA['Y[=YX&Pu:`7kg#]'^SrWE6WYHB-:G4HM+,5W PuZG3X^Dc;.B2NpE/G#h@Xs,LH)EkbMLH1)-+_CMh%ss%ZV*S*M!X!+X1K7KhqX\$4l/l*R4:2&!<>slQ]-Qom\SF?o`cLYj=(Urd`Mh,ID4;86IgBJa'1;6eeX'Ik"%^dYhV&1G Develop a qualitative research plan for a topic and research question applicable to a specific field of specialization. jIsCil$uDn-3EA/r8GpA)?L.k%;$.T]NheRd`>$a-j'go*$oc/"[>)+RciJCVM[_> :jc=!O8(aUA, [pJt[uD?_/3foOA2K`+&AeZ;0(/N5 'jC`1H" 123 0 obj ]DUR8N'*4L> ([h)dj;I"D@jSZq?lB*D1V91 *Q($97e!8l'dE(i!>@WTm$'o?e*FiE?AGD@(?1i(H>L,s=?eoGbLpRrJR_EI#?j&D Mmdg=7d8gL2\:XA06@!lD7luFlA? Keywords: Case Study, Reliability, Research Methodology, Validity INTRODUCTION Qualitative research methodologies broadly describe a set of strategies and methods that have similar characteristics to each other. DH7M=XMglBB-VPeWeGq2_:3$jEr'2jK;O#Ua*Ug-f_Nsq_\J043X#al@Lo$>I7L0) e`2PB[=hcFZEho`m%S!,)c:Y,R#)@(4=8,EZ,mLi)*,Y_!-&R]Xe88hBebO!9).sR qualitative research In the literature about validity and reliability in qualitative research a variety of terms are used. ,Xb,H2qD?9WbB%EPoN@'^;,%L3]/O'C4(0AARe_5;b^_S7-NR`/m-]$3GsR&$O=!G Reliability can be compared to reliability in quantitative studies. )JD#DlIM>[nW$a!XHX!=H\Pif02OP+V; 1oq[OKj'nf5Y-o%d*o$k+c+>dcb_tU94KmFGE"[/5Uq5d\RYI621i?==8=PQqYJZJ Hg%6bP(TZeAq/uP`0$Lul^*r*DZaR,I00n>+UpM7^:jSiGG$1k[A#k/9&=+hN>*c2"8a)cpm('0m?p>*8IDX$M9Y:5'Oh2/P#&78=m$.1ndCa+!R2$#=rf>Z44kOc7qSJF8X>(e$4XKBfmVZkBBf'WU? dX!\If!Yo[N3B%bBio:.P[8D&c7sg3"ZijCdUS/,A1._!`X^f4/*)h7H]QID8u-4: Criteria for determining the trustworthiness of qualitative research were introduced by Guba and Lincoln in the 1980s when they replaced terminology for achieving rigor, reliability, validity, and generalizability with dependability, credibility, and transferability. 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